That would not be reasonable. When frisked, your outer clothing is quickly patted down to determine whether you're carrying or concealing a weapon that could be used to injure the officer. If you match the description of a recent burglary suspect, for example, or were observed running a red light, that would generally be considered reasonable suspicion.

Meaning, they have no basis to suspect you've done anything wrong. Although stop and frisk was designed to reduce crime, it has also been found to scare law-abiding citizens, especially young people of color, and may be exacerbating the divide between law enforcement officers and those they have sworn to protect. Contents 3 min read. Bestselling, award-winning writer Marcia Layton Turner has authored, co-authored, or ghostwritten more than 50 nonfictio… Read more.

More US Law. This handy primer gives you an overview of the search warrant process, including your right to refuse a search, when a warrant is not required and what to do if the police show up at your doorstep.

Last Wills. You want to make sure you have all your assets covered, but did you know that not all property can be bequeathed through a last will and testament? Being wronged or misrepresented is never pleasant, but not all insults are created equally. When you encounter law enforcement officers, you have rights. It's important that you know what they are. During the subsequent trial, attorneys for Terry and Chilton argued that the weapons were obtained by Officer McFadden illegally via an unreasonable search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.

They further argued that the weapons were inadmissible as evidence in the case due to the exclusionary rule. The court rejected the argument, and the pistols were used as evidence in support of conviction. The case was appealed to the U. Supreme Court. Terry v. As Professor Rachel Harmon explains, generally, po When must you answer a police officer's qu Who can the president pardon?

Can he pardon himself? I want to talk to you. And whatever they might find, they pull out and they look at it. Lester Holt: Stop and frisk was ruled unconstitutional in New York, because it largely singled out black and Hispanic young men—. It went before a judge, who was a very against-police judge. Hillary Clinton: Stop and frisk was found to be unconstitutional and, in part, because it was ineffective.

It did not do what it needed to do. Daniel Capra: Stop and frisk has been established as a legal practice if certain conditions are met. What are you doing? Who are you doing it with?

Where ya been? Upon reasonable suspicion, these searches can occur. So, is stop legal? The answer is yes, if the officer has reasonable suspicion that the suspect—the person—is about to commit or has committed a crime. Second, a frisk is legal, again, upon the condition that the officer has reasonable suspicion that the person whom they have stopped is armed and dangerous. Now, those are the basics. But the answer is stop and frisk is legal.

However, there have been situations in which officers employ stop and frisk in an illegal fashion, and that is the issue that came up in the major lawsuit against the New York City Police Department about their stop and frisk program. The problem with the stop and frisk program as found by the judge—she found that stop and frisk was being used selectively, that it was actually an equal protection problem in the use of the stop and frisk program.

That is to say, it was being used to discriminate against minorities, particularly young African-American men.

In Utah v. Strieff , U. The Strieff Court referenced its earlier ruling in Brown v. Illinois , U. In Brown , the Court held that evidence "obtained by the exploitation of an illegal arrest" is not admissible.

On the other end, whatever water goes down any drain in your house is considered wastewater and is usually charged by the gallon. Some water utility companies will add your sewer charges onto your water bill and give you one lump-sum amount. Here are a few wasteful wastewater habits. The average shower dumps out 2 gallons per minute.

Doing your laundry can drum up quite a bit of wastewater. Every time you throw a load of laundry in the washing machine, you can expect to use between 15 and 30 gallons of water per load even if you use a high-efficiency washing machine. Some older, non-high-efficiency washing machines can even use up to 45 gallons per load! Modern dishwashers have become much more efficient, with most using between 4 and 6 gallons per cycle.

Though this might not seem like much, it can add up quickly if you are running your dishwasher every day! Unfortunately, hand washing dishes can also send a lot of water into the sewer. The average faucet dumps out about 2 gallons of water every minute. Reducing your sewer bill is simple! In rolling terrain, sewer lines must sometimes be built to cut through hills deep beneath the ground and well into hard rock.

Trench excavation — especially in rock - is the largest part of the cost of building a pipeline. The deeper the pipe, the higher the cost of construction. Another cost factor lies in where the two types of pipelines can be built.

Since sewers rely on gravity to cause flow, they must be built where grade can be maintained or pump stations are required to lift the wastewater so it can flow by gravity again. The District has 19 such pump stations to keep the wastewater moving to our plant. In addition, right-of-way may be acquired and cleared for both pipelines and pump stations adding to overall costs. The geographical sizes of drinking water distribution and waste water collection systems also affect costs.

Ordinarily, and because of fire protection requirements, a community will serve more of its citizens with public water than with sewer service. Even if you are using the same amount of water all year long, the cost for using that water will be more expensive in the summer.

If the weather has turned warm or even hot, you might be watering your garden or lawn more often. Find out if you are eligible for a leak adjustment. Sewer charges are calculated based on the water used during a given billing period. The rate for sewer service is significantly more expensive than the cost for water.

Any increase in your water usage significantly increases your sewer charges. The only way to lower your sewer charges is to reduce the amount of water being used. The cost for garbage and food and yard waste service is based on the size of your container.

You are charged for the service even if you don't put the container out for pickup. There are several container size options. If you regularly have space in your container each week, consider downsizing. If you regularly overfill your container so the lid doesn't shut or have extra outside of the container, you will be charged for extra garbage or extra yard waste. Depending on what you leave sitting outside the container, you may be charged for multiple pickups.

This is a relatively easy fix that only requires a short trip to your local home hardware store and a few minutes of work. Leaky faucet fixtures are another common cause of high water bills. The heavier the leak, the more water gets wasted, and the higher the water bill will be.

Thankfully, a leaking faucet is relatively easy to spot and fix. A simple visual check of your faucets, shower heads, and other fixtures is all it takes to identify a leak at the fixture. The most common cause of a faucet leak is a faulty rubber washer in the faucet handle. In most cases, you can shut off the water to the leaky faucet, unscrew the handle, remove the bad washer, and replace it with a new one. Not all leaks occur indoors. If you have an irrigation system for your landscaping, a line crack or loose joint could allow water to leak even when the irrigation system is off.

Finding these leaks can be a little tricky, especially if the lines for the irrigation system are buried out of sight. To spot these leaks, you may need to check your lawn for unusually damp patches or areas of grass that are more lush than their surroundings. Keep in mind, however, these signs of a leak are similar to the signs of a leak in a lateral line.

That's just a fraction of what you'd pay for a salon manicure. My line of thinking: I can buy a new nail polish color Essie all the way! Add a lit candle, some relaxing music — total spa vibes. Product Reviews. Home Ideas. United States. Regardless, I love this top coat. Average Rating 4. We're here to help! Call us at Contact Us Our customer service team in San Francisco is ready to assist you. Wellness Aromatherapy Drinkware Supplements. Shop Reviews Videos Articles. Published Jan 18, This formula usually lasts really well on my constantly-chipping nails.

And I finished off with a thick layer of the Seche Vite top coat over everything. Basically what the top coat does is it grabs hold of whatever is under it and sort of shrinks it onto your nail: this is what usually makes it so resilient to chipping and makes your manicure look fresh for ages. Like this product.

Does a good job at drying quickly. Absolutely the best top coat on the market. I paint my nails times a week and wouldn't have the time if it wasn't for Seche Vite. It's incredible how fast it dries and how great your nails look. People always assume I get gel manicures.

I've painted my nails right before bed before and they are never damaged or smudged. This stuff is literally the best thing since sliced bread! It also makes my nails so beautifully shiny. And the best part? It dries almost immediately. So no sitting around for 30 minutes or more, afraid to move your fingers in case you smudge or dent your polish. Within 5 minutes usually less I feel fine to do anything without worrying about messing up my mani.

If you're setting yourself up for continual failure by setting the bar so high no human could ever really clear it, then that amounts to the wrong kind of perfectionism. The consequences of this incessant sense of failure and worry are grim. Oh, and besides premature death, it also causes burnout at work. But while this sort of bad perfectionism seems downright scary, there is another type of perfectionism that isn't bad at all.

If instead of constantly failing to meet your own expectations and perpetually fretting about it, you merely insist on giving your best, that's nothing to worry about, according to Hill and his fellow researchers. You expect yourself to be instantly good at things. Perfectionists tend to expect a high level of competency from themselves right off the bat.

When they struggle to learn a new skill, they prefer giving up to working harder. Perfectionists tend to like things a certain way—their way. You equate success with happiness. Perfectionists believe they can only be happy when they achieve perfection. Their constant worries about failing to meet their own impossible standards can lead to health problems such as depression, eating disorders, and anxiety.

Try to impress yourself, not anyone else Experts have identified two types of perfectionism , a good kind and a bad kind. Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox. Excellence-seeking perfectionists not only stringently evaluate their own performance but also hold high performance expectations for other people in their lives.

The second, which we call failure-avoiding perfectionism , involves an obsessive concern with and aversion to failing to reach high performance standards. Failure-avoiding perfectionists are constantly worried their work is not quite right or good enough and believe that they will lose respect from others if they do not achieve perfection.

Critically, our results showed that performance and perfectionism were not related to each other —perfectionists are not better or worse performers than non-perfectionists. Even employees high in excellence-seeking perfectionism were not better performers. However, we could not identify a specific reason for the absence of the relationship.

It is possible that perfectionists spend too much time perfecting certain work or projects while neglecting other tasks or projects. Identifying definitive causes will require future research. Taken as a whole, our results indicate that perfectionism is likely not constructive at work. We did find consistent, modestly-sized relationships between perfectionism and variables widely considered to be beneficial for employees and organizations i.

Yet critically, we found no link between perfectionism and performance. This, coupled with the strong effects of perfectionism on burnout and mental well-being, suggests perfectionism has an overarching detrimental effect for employees and organizations. In other words, if perfectionism is expected to impact employee performance by increased engagement and motivation, then that impact is being offset by opposing forces, like higher depression and anxiety, which have serious consequences beyond just the workplace.

Where we are so literally valued for the quality and extent of our accomplishments that those achievements often correlate, directly, to our ability to pay rent or put food on the table. Where complete strangers weigh these on-paper values to determine everything from whether we can rent that flat or buy that car or receive that loan.

Curran and Hill have a similar hunch. Competition even has been embedded in schools: take standardised testing and high-pressure university entrances. Rather than perfectionism leading to academic success, researchers have found high-achieving adolescents are more likely to become perfectionists Credit: Getty Images. Similarly, the gold-star method of parenting and schooling may have had an effect.

If other strategies, like making children feel guilty for making a mistake, come in, it can get even more problematic. Research has found that these types of parental tactics make children more likely to be perfectionists — and, later, to develop depression. Fear of failure is getting magnified in other ways, too. Take social media: make a mistake today and your fear that it might be broadcast, even globally, is hardly irrational. At the same time, all of those glossy feeds reinforce unrealistic standards.

As well as reinforcing unrealistic standards, social media gives us more reason to fear making mistakes Credit: Getty Images. Some perfectionism is inheritable. But it also arises because of environment after all, if it were just genetic, it seems unlikely it would be increasing so much. So how can parents counteract it? Model good behaviour by watching their own perfectionistic tendencies, researchers say.

And exhibit unconditional love and affection. Perfectionism can be a particular challenge to treat. You can train someone to be more self-compassionate in a therapeutic setting. But if they go back to the office, say, with the same demanding boss and same deep-seated behaviours, a lot of that can go out the door. Then, of course, there is that widespread if erroneous belief that being a perfectionist makes us better workers or parents, or athletes, or whatever the task is at hand.

We want to get rid of them. When we see a person with perfectionism, they can often be ambivalent towards change. People say it brings them benefits. If someone says, for example, they need to do three extra hours of work at home each night to be good at their job, they might experiment with not doing that for a week.

Usually the patient not only finds that it makes no difference — but that the extra rest might even improve their performance. The bigger piece, though, is replacing that critical ticker-tape with kinder messages — toward both myself and others.

The Slave Players does not exactly fit into the sub-genre of science fiction known as alternative history, or AltHistory, but it comes close to that profitable industry premise. The acceptance of such fiction also led to the movie Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Based on the book of the same title, the film depicts the secret life of the 16th President of the United States and his personal crusade to slay vampires who had flocked from Europe because of the American slave trade. As if the true history of slavery was not horrific enough, White American culture thought adding vampires would be a good story to watch at the cineplex.

According to the publisher, the story has struck a cord with campuses across America, and they are having trouble keeping up with the volume of book orders. Burn House Publishing also offers a program where anyone who cannot afford to purchase the novel can leave a comment to receive a copy at no charge. The novel is a role reversal and slap at racist white society in the South, where blacks become the masters of its slave culture.

In her youtube videos, the author takes a creative approach in reading some of her hate mail Warning: Adult Language. Then I met Alabama. It remains unclear why UW-Milwaukee was specifically targeted with a protest letter from the KKK, but Wisconsin has a long and uncomfortable history with racism. The group was notorious for maintaining white supremacy through the use of violence and intimidation. The Civil Rights Act of essentially destroyed the original KKK in the South, but by the s they reappeared across the country and in Wisconsin.

While the cities of Madison, Racine, Kenosha, and Oshkosh all had Ku Klux Klan chapters, Milwaukee held a higher concentration of participation, with estimates of 15, members of the 2 million nationwide. Cross burnings were a common occurrence for several years, and many state and municipal officials gained office because of Klan backing. Klan membership in Wisconsin declined in the s and did not become active again until the s Civil Rights Movement, when new chapters were formed.

At the time, there were continuous demonstrations in demand of fair housing, with the best known being when Father Groppi led a march across the 16th Street Viaduct spanning the Menomonee River Valley. This is a general byline. Join us on Twitter and Facebook. More Videos KKK rally met with counterprotesters Story highlights Leslie Kendrick: Teaching about free speech, I used to talk about Skokie -- but now the lesson hits much closer to home in Charlottesville Hate groups have targeted this town, and we must remember that defending free speech costs more for some than for others, Kendrick writes.

As many Americans are aware, a great deal of what most would call hate speech is protected by the First Amendment. The Nazis in Skokie are the classic case. In , the National Socialist Party of America proposed to march in this predominantly Jewish community, home to many Holocaust survivors.

The ACLU defended their right to wear Nazi uniforms and display swastikas, and courts upheld that right. The Nazis won though they ultimately decided to march elsewhere.

Leslie Kendrick. Until now, I would have said there is no better illustration that the United States has the strongest speech protections in the world. But my new go-to illustration is Charlottesville , summer of Since the spring, when our city council voted to remove a prominent monument to Robert E. Lee and to rename parks containing the Lee statue and a monument to his fellow Confederate general Stonewall Jackson, Charlottesville has been the site of targeted demonstrations by neo-Nazis, white nationalists and, this past Saturday, the Ku Klux Klan.

I used to talk about freedom and its costs in terms of Skokie. This fall, when the students return, I will be talking about home. As in Skokie, the demonstrations in Charlottesville have proved the strength of the First Amendment but also shown its steep cost. The Nazis chose Skokie precisely because its residents would find their message deeply offensive. Hate groups have targeted Charlottesville precisely because it voted to take down the monument, and because it is a community actively grappling with a thorny Confederate and Jim Crow past.

Read More. Not only that, but the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazis and white nationalists all reject a basic tenet of the American system: that all people are created equal. So why does our Constitution protect them?

Not because they deserve respect. In popular culture, people sometimes act as though "exercising my First Amendment rights" should earn them a pat on the back and, if not agreement, at least grudging respect.

Nothing about the First Amendment requires that. We permit hate speech, but we need not respect it. We also need not worry that we're wrong in our lack of respect. Judge Learned Hand, quoting Oliver Cromwell, said that every courthouse and public building should have inscribed above its entrance, "Consider that ye may be wrong. The KKK rally in Charlottesville was outnumbered by counterprotesters.

Free speech is also not, as some judges have argued , a safety valve that prevents bad actions.

From the above-mentioned points, it is crystal clear that Hibernate will definitely increase the performance of your application and help you to reduce the development time for your application and hence the cost. You can find some of the other open source persistence frameworks in JAVA in this link.

Do you want to Automate your complete loan cycle with the digitized software platform? Apply Now Thank you for your interest. If you are not a robot then please try again. Hey Java Developer, Have you ever feel irritated by repeating the same lines of code over and over again in your application for fetching data from the database?

Are you struggling to map objects to your database tables? Is it difficult for you to implement oops with your JDBC code? Does it takes too much of rework while migrating from one database to another? Have you ever found it difficult to create associations between tables using JDBC? What is JDBC? JDBC Workflow. Source: avaldes. Opens a database connection Sends SQL queries to database using a JDBC driver JDBC driver connects to database Executes the queries to get the result set Sends the data to the application via the driver manager When results are returned, then it processes the data Finally, the connection is closed.

What is Hibernate? Source: J2eebrain. Hibernate Workflow. Source: Cloudsopedia. The results are mapped to objects based on the properties given in the Hibernate configuration XML file. The database connection from an application is created using session which also helps in saving and retrieving the persistent object.

Session factory is an interface which helps to create an instance of a session. There must be only one session factory per database. There will not be more than one session factory per MySQL alone. The utilization of JPAs relies on mapping Java objects to database fields. More often than not, you will like to detect changes in the database.

The debate will keep raging between JDBC vs. However, it is a bit slower performance-wise in comparison to JDBC. Depending on the requirement of your project, you can choose the most suitable option. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We are all aware of the changes that are going on in Java like the change of the name of […].

Finally, the latest long-term support LTS version of one of the best programming languages in the world, Java, is on the […].

Map and HashMap — These two terms have been contrasted in this post. October 22, Take a look at the Spring and Ibatis Tutorial. But what I really like about the Hibernate approach some others too is the conceptual model you can get in Java is better. Although I don't think of OO as a panacea, and I don't look for theoritical purity of the design, I found so many times that OO does in fact simplify my code.

As you asked specifically for details, here are some examples :. For maintainers, the hard part is not a few framework classes but your model, so Hibernate allows you to keep the hard part the model at its cleanest. Therefore :. Hibernate has also many features to deal with other model caracteristics you might need now or later, add them only as needed.

Take it as an extensibility quality for your design. With reuse between your entities but only appropriate inheritance , and composition , there is usually some additional advantages to come. Examples :. Over time, the requirements evolve. There will be a point where your database structure has problems. With JDBC alone, any change to the database must impact the code ie. With Hibernate, many changes can be absorbed by changing only the mapping, not the code. The same happens the other way around : Hibernate lets you change your code between versions for example without altering your database changing the mapping, although it is not always sufficient.

To summarize, Hibernate lets your evolve your database and your code independtly. I think either is a fine choice, but personally I would use hibernate. I don't think hibernate is overkill for a project of that size. Doing JDBC by hand can take a lot of code if you deal with modifying parent and children grandchildren, siblings, etc at the same time.

Hibernate can make this a breeze often a single save of the parent entity is enough. There are certainly complexities when dealing with Hibernate though, such as understanding how the Session flushing works, and dealing with lazy loading. In contrast, besides transactional control, there is not much help from having Spring when working with JPA. Hibernate best suits for the middleware applications. Assume that we build a middle ware on top of the data base, The middelware is accessed by around 20 applications in that case we can have a hibernate which satisfies the requirement of all 20 applications.

In JDBC, if we open a database connection we need to write in try, and if any exceptions occurred catch block will takers about it, and finally used to close the connections. In jdbc all exceptions are checked exceptions, so we must write code in try, catch and throws, but in hibernate we only have Un-checked exceptions.

Here as a programmer we must close the connection, or we may get a chance to get our of connections message…! JDBC used to generate database related error codes if an exception will occurs, but java programmers are unknown about this error codes right. In hibernate if we save the derived class object, then its base class object will also be stored into the database, it means hibernate supporting inheritance.

Hibernate supports caching mechanism by this, the number of round trips between an application and the database will be reduced, by using this caching technique an application performance will be increased automatically.

Hibernate has capability to generate primary keys automatically while we are storing the records into database. You could look at Ebean ORM which doesn't use session objects Certainly an option, not overkill, and will be simpler to understand.

Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Collectives on Stack Overflow. Learn more. Asked 12 years, 2 months ago. Developer has to write code in JDBC to map an object model's data representation to a relational data model and its corresponding database schema.

Hibernate itself takes care of this mapping using XML files so developer does not need to write code for this. It also supports native SQL statements. Hibernate provides transparent persistence and therefore there is no need to map database tables tuples to application objects during interaction with RDBMS. With JDBC, caching needs to be manually maintained.

Hibernate cache is set to application work space. Relational tuples are moved to this cache as a result of query.

It took years of training and mental preparation before I was able to bask in the glow of Cat Motherhood. I wanted a cat the second I moved out to Los Angeles, but it was a scary time - new city, strange roommates, nowhere to find good bagels - I was overwhelmed, so I put it off a year.

One year became two, then 5, then 20, before I knew it, 52 cat -years 9 in human years for those keeping track had flown by and I was still cat -less.

There were a couple close calls of cat companionship here and there, but they'd all turn out to be false alarms. I didn't think it was possible for so many roommates to suddenly discover they were allergic AFTER they'd moved in with me! I learned to get by with cat -sitting, volunteering at shelters, and even living with a dog for a year, which was delightful in its own way, but still not "the dream. Then Covid hit. The day I found out my office was shifting to working from home indefinitely, I started reaching out to shelters and rescues.

Confined to my apartment, I figured this was the best time I'd get to get a kitten, plus I wanted to be my first cat 's first human, but most places were only adopting out kittens in pairs and oooh that was a little too much, too soon. So I settled on fostering - just for now. Beach City Kitties, a rescue in Venice, was looking for fosters to 3 brothers - Ross, Chandler, and Gunther I never did find out why there was no Joey. Gunther was advertised as "sweet but shy" which, I was pretty sure meant he was a total recluse.

Sure enough, as soon as he was unloaded in my living room, he sulked out of his carrier, shoulders peaking higher than his pointy ears, and swiftly made his way under my bed.

After a few hours, I went to check and see if he was done social distancing yet. Answer: no. That is, until I reached carefully behind his ear and gave him a good scratch. The ear scratch became a shoulder rub, then a butt-pat, then he extended his paws out and shimmied up to me, rubbing against my arms.

I was in, baby! After that, he quickly made himself at home. He'd parkour his way around the apartment, scaling walls and leaping from shelves. Though he was no longer a kitten, he still had that BKE big kitten energy , but with a very affectionate side, and man, can this boy cuddle! He'll cozy up to your lap and actually heave his body against your legs, rolling over for tummy rubs, and purring like a fancy Italian sports car.

He was still only a foster, but it was impossible to ignore- he was a perfect match for me. Not the fact that he wasn't a kitten, but rather I still wasn't sure I was fit to take care of him. About a year prior, I'd said goodbye to my family pet Kiko when he died suddenly from a combination of kidney issues and blindness that were drastically escalated after he was needlessly put under for routine bloodwork.

If anything like that were to happen to Gunther , how would I know, and how could I avoid another sudden heartbreak like that? This was when I first heard about PrettyLitter and how it could remove the mystery of Gunther 's potential health problems as soon as they arise. In " Reign of Gunters ," it plays a major role in assisting the penguins by using its laser vision.

It is a kitten that is completely pink, except for a red heart on its forehead. It has large blue eyes with black pupils. It has pointed ears and a thin tail. The Kitten can levitate and emanate a yellow aura even while sleeping. It can also focus its aura into explosive bolts of energy, which it uses to break down the Candy Kingdom wall in "Reign of Gunters.

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The side where there is more gas is the side in which the equilibrium will shift to if the pressure is decreased, because more can fit now. Vice versa as well. There are many factors that shift equilibrium Kc so we must always be wary of these factors before we jump to a conclusion about what the equilibrium is, because it is very dynamic!

Good question Now, by definition, the chemical condition of equilibrium is defined when the forward and reverse rates are equal:. However, a chemist or engineer can certainly manipulate the equilibrium. For instance, if we remove somehow the products of the reaction, C and D , the equilibrium will have to re-establish itself, and it does this by moving to the right as written to satisfy the equilibrium equation, and to re-establish equilibrium concentrations of C and D.

On the other hand, if we pump more reactant into the equilibrium, the equilibrium will move in a forward direction to cope with increased [A] and [B]. There should be many answers here that deal with equilibria. Eventually, however, the amount of the product HI increases, and it will begin producing H 2 and I 2.

Thus the rate of the reverse reaction starts out slowly there is no HI present , but will speed up as the concentration of HI increases.

Eventually both rates will level off not always to the same level as shown by this example, however :. Chemists have found that there is a mathematical relationship that exists between the concentration of the reactants and products, once equilibrium has been reached, that is independent of the initial concentration of the participants. For any general reaction,. This mathematical relationship exists for all equilibrium systems, and produces a constant ratio called the equilibrium constant, K eq.

This relationship will be very important to us for the next few units, so it is important that you understand how to set this relationship up and what it tells us about an equilibrium system.

The products of the reaction C and D are placed in the numerator, and their concentrations are raised to the power of the coefficients from the balanced equation. The reactants A and B are placed in the denominator, with their concentrations raised to the power of their coefficients.

Using the example we examined in our last section, equilibrium concentrations for each substance were measured at equilibrium and found to be:.

The value of K eq , which has no units, is a constant for any particular reaction, and its value does not change unless the temperature of the system is changed. It does not depend on the initial concentrations used to reach the point of equilibrium.

For example, the following data were obtained for equilibrium concentrations of H 2 , I 2 and HI, and the value of K eq was calculated for each trial:. Aside from accounting for slight experimental variation between trials, the value for K eq is the same despite differences in equilibrium concentrations for the individual participants.

K eq relates the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium. For gases, concentration is often measured as partial pressure. The concentrations of both aqueous solutions and gases change during the progress of a reaction.

For reactions involving a solid or a liquid, while the amounts of the solid or liquid will change during a reaction, their concentrations much like their densities will not change during the reaction. Instead, their values will remain constant. Because they are constant, their values are not included in the equilibrium constant expression. For example, consider the reaction showing the formation of solid calcium carbonate from solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas:.

But we remove those participants whose state is either a solid or a liquid, which leaves us with the following equilibrium constant expression:. This page was constructed from content via the following contributor s and edited topically or extensively by the LibreTexts development team to meet platform style, presentation, and quality:. Learning Objectives Describe the three possibilities that exist when reactants come together. The three reaction systems 1, 2, and 3 depicted in the accompanying illustration can all be described by the equation:.

Each set of panels shows the changing composition of one of the three reaction mixtures as a function of time. Which system took the longest to reach chemical equilibrium? Compare the concentrations of A and B at different times. The system whose composition takes the longest to stabilize took the longest to reach chemical equilibrium.

Thus system 2 took the longest to reach chemical equilibrium. The sets of panels represent the compositions of three reaction mixtures as a function of time. Dynamic equilibrium doesn't just occur in chemistry labs though; you've witnessed an dynamic equilibrium example every time you've had a soda. The two phases of carbon dioxide are in dynamic equilibrium inside the sealed soda bottle since the gaseous carbon dioxide is dissolving into the liquid form at the same rate that the liquid form of carbon dioxide is being converted back to its gaseous form.

Changing the temperature, pressure, or concentration of a reaction can shift the equilibrium of an equation and knock it out of dynamic equilibrium. This is why, if you open a soda can and leave it out for a long time, eventually it'll become "flat" and there will be no more bubbles. This is because the soda can is no longer a closed system and the carbon dioxide can interact with the atmosphere.

This moves it out of dynamic equilibrium and releases the gaseous form of carbon dioxide until there are no more bubbles. For example, say that you prepare a solution that is saturated with an aqueous solution of NaCl.

If you then add solid crystals of NaCl, the NaCl will be simultaneously dissolving and recrystallizing within the solution. Nitrogen dioxide NO 2 reacts with carbon monoxide CO to form nitrogen oxide NO and carbon dioxide C O 2 , and, in the reverse reaction, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide react to form nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. This is an equation for the formation of rust.

If you observe reactions at dynamic equilibrium and reactions at static equilibrium, neither will have visible changes occurring, and it'll look like nothing is happening.

However, reactions at static equilibrium are actually very different from those at dynamic equilibrium. Static equilibrium also known as mechanical equilibrium is when the reaction has stopped and there is no movement at all between the reactants and products. The reaction is complete and the forward and reverse reaction rates are both 0. While reactions at dynamic equilibrium are reversible can proceed in either direction , those at static equilibrium are irreversible and can only proceed in one direction.

However, both dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium are examples of systems at steady state, in which the net force action on the systems is zero. When a reaction is at dynamic equilibrium, the reaction will have a specific rate constant, known as the equilibrium constant, or K eq.

We would write an endothermic reaction from A to B in this way Of course the heat has to come from somewhere Have you ever used a cold-pack as a first aid device? These are usually solid mixes of ammonium nitrate and other salts with a blister of water And because such reaction is entropy rather than enthalpy -driven, heat is taken from the surroundings Why is an endothermic reaction cold? Chemistry Thermochemistry Endothermic processes. By comparing the energy used when bonds in the reactants are broken with the energy released when bonds in the products are formed, you can determine whether a chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy overall.

Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic. In exothermic reactions, more energy is released when the bonds are formed in the products than is used to break the bonds in the reactants. Chemical reactions that absorb or use energy are called endothermic. In endothermic reactions, more energy is absorbed when the bonds in the reactants are broken than is released when new bonds are formed in the products. If a chemical reaction absorbs as much energy as it releases, it is called isothermic—there is no net energy change.

In this investigation, you will observe whether energy is absorbed or released in two different chemical reactions and categorize them as exothermic and endothermic. You will also explore the relationship between energy changes and chemical reactions.

If you do not respond, everything you entered on this page will be lost and you will have to login again. Skip Navigation. Lab Investigation.

Teacher's Overview Summary In this investigation, students classify chemical reactions as exothermic or endothermic.

Safety Be sure you and the students wear properly fitting goggles. Acetic acid vinegar vapors can be irritating. Work in a well-ventilated area. In the event of eye contact, flush with water. The concentration of acetic acid in this experiment does not present any significant hazards.

Calcium chloride can be an irritant to body tissues. In the event of contact, wash affected areas with water. Dispose of calcium chloride solutions according to local regulations.

Lab Tips After students explore one example of an endothermic change and one example of an exothermic change, they are then asked to explore the connection between energy changes and chemical reactions.

To observe a temperature change during a physical change, students should devise a procedure such as: Add 10 mL of water to a small plastic cup and place a thermometer in the water.

Record the initial temperature T i. After it has stopped changing, record the final temperature T f. Incorporating into the Curriculum This investigation could be incorporated into a unit on chemical changes or thermochemistry. Student Investigation. Preparing to Investigate. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions In this activity, you will explore the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions.

Energy is released when bonds are formed. Monitor temperature change When energy is released in an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture increases. Join thousands of students and gain free access to 46 hours of Chemistry videos that follow the topics your textbook covers.

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For the extended Kardashian-Jenner clan, that person is Brody. According to a source for Hollywood Life , Brody feels that Caitlyn often puts the other kids before him and that he was never fully accepted into the family when his father remarried Kris. One person, especially, came between Brody and the rest of the family. According to the source, Brody was never able to build a relationship with Kris, although he tried. And that became an issue when he tried to get to know his half-sisters Kendall and Kylie.

However, Brody does have one person who he feels love and acceptance from: his mother. It's really sad," a source told Hollywood Life. Brody feels that his dad often chose those kids over him," the source added. According to Showbiz Cheat Sheet , Brody revealed in the past that he didn't feel close to his dad growing up.

When I was really little, we got to spend a little bit of time, but when he started the family with the Kardashian family and all that, I didn't really see much of him. They both followed similar naming conventions for their kids. Kris named all her girls names that start with K, like her name.

Caitlyn named all her boys names that start with B, like her former name Bruce. He appears on The Hills. However, he had a falling out with his ex-step sister, Kim Kardashian.

The Kardashians have always been distant from their Jenner step-siblings, although Kendall and Kylie are fully-established members of the family's reality TV series and celebrity lives. Jump directly to the content. Sign in.

One thing that's pretty common among gel devotees is the picking process. When the color begins to lift, you may be tempted to remove it, almost like you would a scab. Once the peeling phase starts, it's hard not to pick at your polish. If you rip it off, you're probably taking some layers of your nail off with it. This kind of damage can take over six months to repair.

Adigun adds: "In one study, nail plate thickness was measured both before and after just one gel manicure and thinning was observed.

A recent study from the American Academy of Dermatology revealed that gel manicures may not be a safe option for people who are highly sensitive to UV light. Adigun said in the study. Adigun notes of her own research on the safety of gel manicures. LED lamps have become popular as much for their faster curing times as the belief that they're safer than UV lamps, but Dr. Adigun insists this is not the case.

This higher intensity of UVA irradiance means that it requires less time for these lamps to potentially harm the skin," she explains. When you still need your gel fix, Dr. Plus, the UVA light from the nail lamps is stronger than the usual exposure you get from the sun. Instead, Dr. Adigun recommends bringing along your own pair of YouVeeShield gloves to protect your hands against UVA radiation which also causes signs of premature aging like dark spots and wrinkles.

Adigun says. Ever wonder exactly how gel manicures stay so perfect for so long? The removal process for gel polish is more complex as well, requiring the nail to be soaked in acetone to properly dissolve the formula off of the nail.

While your manicure may stay firmly in place until you're ready to take it off, the removal process can be extremely harsh. According to Jenna and Dr. For nail polish fans, the range of services available has increased dramatically in the last decade. Alongside traditional polishes, fake nail options like acrylics now exist, and a new contender found in gel nail polish.

So what's the difference between nail polish and regular nail polish? Both are applied to the natural nail form — unlike acrylics — but there are sufficient differences to warrant informing yourself of all options before booking your next visit to the nail salon. Regular nail polish was always tried and true. But what about gel nails? Regular nail polish has been a cultural staple for as long as people have wanted to color their nails. Early use of natural materials such as beeswax and dyes eventually evolved into the classic nail polish known and loved by generations.

This polish, which can be found at any drugstore or beauty site, is easy to apply and quick to change with your mood. It puts a thin coat of colored lacquer over your natural nail and may last a few days before it chips with the option to add a base coat or top coat.

That being said, chipping nail polish simply means it's time to try a new color. With the ease of application, and simple dabbing of acetone to clean up any mistakes, a regular manicure is a fun complement to any look. In modern varnishes, a long list of complicated chemicals finds its way into a bottle. From the base to the colorants to the various ingredients that allow this classic shine, nail polish has a complicated recipe.

Moreover, regular nail lacquers take impressively long to dry. Nearly every nail polish user knows the drawbacks. Apply your polish. It's blessedly smooth. You let it dry for at least half an hour, then daintily pick up your phone to check any emails you may have missed.

You're immaculate at first, and nothing can stop you, but then you forget it's drying, and put your phone in your pocket. Even if you can wait long enough for your nails to dry perfectly, your new polish can chip within days. But if you were reminded of that amazing blue polish that matched your dress perfectly and then smudged an hour after application or chipped the day before your event, gel polish may be the savior you're looking for.

Gel nail polish has only been on the market since Still the gel manicure has quickly become a salon staple. Nevertheless, for all those who are unsure about trying new gel polishes, we collected a list of their benefits for you:.

Gel polish is thicker than ordinary nail polish. The primary feature distinguishing it from a classic manicure is a part of the curing application process since gel nail polish does not dry naturally. Curing refers to placing your nails under an LED or UV light to activate the chemical process that dries each coat of polish. Given that gel nail application has additional time for the polish to cure, you can leave your appointment or at-home application immediately with perfectly dried nails.

With a quick-drying, durable formula, gel polish hardly chips. One of the most extensive studies to date looking at the side effects of gel nail polish took place in a survey , involving 2, respondents. In the self-reported questionnaire, almost half reported side effects while applying the gel nail polish, and 1 in 5 while wearing it.

Less than 1 percent of folks reported a rash on their hands or body, eczema , or swollen lips. The study above also found that 3 in 4 people experienced side effects after removing their gel manicure , including:. But not all removal methods were as likely to cause probs. The study found that these side effects were far more likely to happen when participants performed and removed the manicure themselves.

One of the first things that usually hits you when you walk into a nail salon is the strong chemical smell. Not all of these substances are necessarily harmful, but many gel polishes can contain some potential nasties like:. The Environmental Protection Agency says that research associated it with certain cancers, and it can also cause contact dermatitis , especially if you have sensitive skin. In a small study , researchers tested the pee of 26 women who had recently painted their nails.

Compared to placebo manicures wearing gloves and fake nails, TPHP levels increased sharply in every participant in the active nail painting group. Remember, TPHP is an endocrine-disruptor, which means it messes with your hormones.

Over time, exposure to UV radiation can damage your skin, leading to premature wrinkles and age spots, and could even lead to skin cancer.

Since cold weather tends to make skin drier overall, proper cuticle hydration can make a big difference. Additionally, acetone can be extremely drying to the nail bed, causing nails to break or become brittle over time.

To combat nail dryness, experts suggest keeping cuticle oil close at hand no pun intended. Keeping my nails looking good, with or without polish, is definitely a priority. SELF does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Any information published on this website or by this brand is not intended as a substitute for medical advice, and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional.

An elongated toilet seat will technically fit on a round toilet, but the fit and comfort may be compromised. An elongated toilet seat will likely overhang a round toilet which may be fine unless the rim of the toilet is visible within the opening of the toilet seat.

If this is the case, then it may be uncomfortable especially for male users. The best way to determine if this will work is to measure the toilet seat opening to determine if overhang will occur. A round toilet seat will not fully cover the toilet bowl rim of an elongated toilet leaving the rim exposed. So, choices are largely decided by personal preference and available space. So, which should you buy? Let's look at some Pro's and Con's for both:.

Pros: Elongated bowls are generally considered to be more attractive and comfortable than round front bowls, but as with most things, this is a matter of taste and can be affected by an individual's height and weight. Elongated bowls are also considered more 'hygienic' in that the larger surface area of the bowl makes is easier for men and children to use with less mess.

Cons: The primary reason some don't choose an elongated bowl is space. In very small bathrooms, an elongated bowl simply might not fit or, might feel too crowded. In some rooms we have dealt with over the year, the extra inches meant that the bathroom door literally couldn't close!

In a space that tight, it's always important to measure first! Also, if a bathroom is primarily being used by small children, the larger opening size can be more difficult for them to negotiate. But remember, children do grow, and there are children's 'potty seats' to help in the early years. You want your toilet to last a long time, so it really makes sense to choose based on long term, rather than short term needs.

Pro's: Space! Some bathrooms are very small and only a round front bowl will fit. Round front is also a better fit for small children, but see above; this is a temporary 'pro'. We also have a small space and couldn't have the elongated bowl protruding into the space. I found several models after days of searching online, but I was limited by budget somewhat and aesthetics considerably.

I ended up with the St. Thomas Richmond. It is still a little on the taller side, but not ADA height. On an elongated seat at least every one I've tried , I always seem to have one in the ring and one on the ring. The added pressure my on-the-ring bone is very uncomfortable. If I try to adjust to sit evenly, then the inside edge of the ring whether rounded or not creates painful pressure points between bone and toilet seat. On a round seat, my seat bones rest inside the ring, supported by my thighs and butt.

No pressure points and no pain. We put in 3 new elongated toilets, they aren't low flow, but what we find it that there is such a little bit of water in the bowl, that you don't hit the water unless your bum is way back aganst the tank of the toilet. If your bum is big, the stool falls unto the porcelain and it Won't flush away for two or three flushes.

Also kids. With their little bums to the front of the bowl again, the stool has to be helped to be flushed away. Kind of a subject I wouldn't normally elaborate on but I wish I knew this before we bought. I guess it's logic, if it doesn't hit the water, it might stay on the porcelain.

That could be a result of the toilets complying with water conservation requirements, rather than the geometry of round versus elongated.

I have both round and elongated and the water spot is small on both, which meant we simply had to get used to being a little more accurate. I admit it was easier years ago when toilets used four times the amount per flush as they do now. Today it's not possible to design a toilet with a large "target" that meets conservation requirements. I don't like the elongated because my DH uses the front of the seat to "wipe" his drips after peeing.

I don't think he even realizes he is doing this and he would be mortified if I pointed it out. I lift up the seat to clean the toilet and there is a build up of dried pee. I have to reach past this build up to wipe myself and have wondered if I have dragged my sleeve through this build up. Yuck again! Guys please Please dab your drips with that. I have seen that on toilet seats too and wondered how it got there. I have never observed it in action though. That's what doors are for.

It's usually women that get urine on the bottom front of the toilet seat. It's not your husband wiping his drips on the seat. When women pee it splashes up and collects there. So, at least it's your own ;. I think your theory is wrong, Douglas. If women splash, it would be diluted with toilet water and not leave stains. If it did, it would be elsewhere on the toilet seat.

And we would feel the splash and I never have. So men have to own this. I've cleaned the exact same toilet when living on my own lady pee only and when living with a man, and magically the urine drips are only when a man is in the house. Wipe or no wipe, my man is peeing from a height much higher than I am and his pee splashes way more than mine does.

Whenever he is away for a trip my toilet and entire bathroom stay a whole lot cleaner. We went with a round, standard height toilet by the way. Gentlemen tend to prefer the elongated bowls. When seated, certain parts come into contact with cold porcelain on round bowl toilets. Not so the elongated.

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